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In memoriam: Professor Emeritus Bill Field

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R. William “Bill” Field, professor emeritus of occupational and environmental health at the University of Iowa College of Public Health, died Friday, Nov. 4, 2022, at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics at the age of 68 from refractory mantle cell lymphoma.

Field completed his PhD in preventive medicine and environmental health at the University of Iowa in 1994. He joined the UI faculty in 1998. He recently retired as a Professor from the University of Iowa’s College of Public Health with appointments in the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology.

Bill is recognized internationally for his expertise in radon and radiation health effects, not only for his epidemiologic research into the radioactive gas, but for his advocacy and community engagement efforts to inform the public about radon’s human health risks and to mitigate radon exposures. He served on the Presidential Advisory Board for Radiation and Worker Health till his death. He served on other national and World Health Organization boards during his career. He established the Occupational Epidemiology Training Program at the University of Iowa College of Public Health. He worked with professional organizations to improve radon testing and to educate the public on health risks from radon. In 2022, the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) selected Field to receive the organization’s Radon Hero Award. Above all, he was a compassionate mentor who delighted in guiding his students towards independent careers in public health.

Bill was a valued member of the EHSRC for 16 years and most recently served as leader of the Population Health Research group, as well as having participated in the drafting of state legislation (IA), speaking engagements through community forums, academic conferences, and legislative summits.  His warm, collaborative spirit will be greatly missed by his friends and colleagues at the EHSRC.

Service arrangements and obituary.

EHSRC investigators receive NIEHS award to develop Cationic CAMKIIN nanoparticles that reduce chlorine-induced airway oxidative stress

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Congratulations to EHSRC member Aliasger Salem for a recent R21 award from NIEHS. This proposal will develop a CaMKIIN-loaded nanoparticle-based therapy that can rapidly mitigate the ROS species in the lung following chlorine exposure. Other researchers participating in this project include Peter Thorne, Andrea Dodd, and Isabella Grumbach. The Pulmonary Toxicology Facility of the EHSRC will provide support for the animal studies under this project.

 

Community Engagement Core publishes paper about science cafe knowledge transfer

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Dr. Brandi Janssen and Jackie Curnick have published a project report in the Science Education & Civic Engagement International Journal. The paper titled, “Evaluating Knowledge Transfer after a Science Cafe: A Qualitative Approach for Rural Settings,” was included in the Winter 2022 edition of the journal.

View the article pdf by clicking the image below

Evaluating Knowledge Transfer after a Science Cafe

Welsh wins 2022 Shaw Prize in Life Sciences and Medicine

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University of Iowa professor and EHSRC Member Michael J. Welsh, MD, has won the 2022 Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine together with Paul A. Negulescu, senior vice president and site head for San Diego research with Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc.

The prize was awarded for landmark discoveries of the molecular, biochemical, and functional defects underlying cystic fibrosis and the identification and development of medicines that reverse those defects and can treat most people affected by this disorder.

The Shaw Prize is considered one of the most internationally prestigious awards in science and its application, and it carries a shared monetary award of $1.2 million. It honors individuals who have made “discoveries in the biomedical sciences and innovations in clinical medicine that have led to significant victories in our longstanding war against illness and suffering.” Welsh and Negulescu will receive the prize in fall 2022.

Welsh is a professor in the UI Department of Internal Medicine and its pulmonary, critical care, and occupational medicine division. He also is a professor in the neurosurgery, neurology, and molecular physiology and biophysics departments. Welsh also serves as director of the Pappajohn Biomedical Institute at Iowa. He has been leading groups of scientists studying lung biology and cystic fibrosis (CF) for 40 years.

Brooks Jackson, MD, vice president for medical affairs and the Tyrone D. Artz Dean of the UI Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, says Welsh’s steadfast pursuit of answers to the fundamental questions underlying cystic fibrosis disease has never wavered in that time.

“As a physician-scientist, Dr. Welsh has remained focused on how his work in the lab would improve the medical care he and colleagues could offer their patients,” Jackson says. “His commitment to discovery and innovation has dramatically changed the lives of people with CF.”

Working with colleagues from the University of California, San Francisco, in the mid-1980s, Welsh first demonstrated that CF disrupts chloride ion movement across the sheet of cells that line the lung’s airways. Chloride, a component of salt, is present in secreted body fluids such as sweat, saliva and mucus, which are vital for the proper function of organs. In the lungs of people with CF, these secretions become thick and elastic and, rather than acting to clear inhaled matter from the lungs, they clog the passageways. Affecting more than 80,000 people worldwide, CF was long considered a lethal disease in childhood. Today, Welsh can point to young people with CF who compete in varsity-level athletics. Life expectancy and health have increased dramatically thanks in part to discoveries made by Welsh and Negulescu.

After the identification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene in 1989, Welsh and his team made key discoveries toward understanding the role the product of this gene—the CFTR protein—plays in allowing chloride to move in and out of cells. They showed how mutations in the gene and the CFTR protein cause cells to malfunction and fuel disease development. Importantly, they showed that defects in the mutated CFTR can be repaired in cells. These insights provided a roadmap for the subsequent quest toward targeted therapies to repair the function of the CFTR protein.

Building on these key discoveries, a team of scientists at Vertex, led by Negulescu, initiated research in 1998 into compounds that modulate the function of the CFTR protein. The research led to the development in 2012 of the first compound that corrects the underlying protein defect responsible for disease symptoms. The drug restored cells’ ability to transport chloride and ushered in a new era of CF treatment, sparking the development of combination-drug therapies.

“The combined contributions of Welsh and Negulescu represent the complete biomedical arc from basic discovery to application to the saving of lives,” said the Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine selection committee in announcing the shared award.

Welsh was quick to share the credit for this work.

“I am honored to receive this award, which would not have been possible without so many other people who contributed: terrific mentors, talented and creative students and trainees, my tireless and innovative assistants, my cherished colleagues,” he says. “The support and environment of the University of Iowa made this possible. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carver Trust, and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute provided crucial support along the way. I am deeply grateful.”

The Shaw Prize consists of three annual awards: the Prize in Astronomy, the Prize in Life Science and Medicine, and the Prize in Mathematical Sciences. The award is managed and administered by The Shaw Prize Foundation, based in Hong Kong.

This article was first published by the University of Iowa College of Medicine

Thorne recipient of 2022 University of Iowa Distinguished Chair

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Peter Thorne, professor of occupational and environmental health in the College of Public Health and deputy director of EHSRC, has been named a recipient of the 2022 University of Iowa Distinguished Chair.

The award is one of the highest bestowed on Iowa faculty. It recognizes tenured scholars of national and international distinction who are making a significant positive impact within the university, state of Iowa, and beyond through teaching, research, and/or scholarship.

“The University of Iowa Distinguished Chair rewards and recognizes some of the most exceptional members of our community of scholars, who have earned national and international distinction,” says Kevin Kregel, executive vice president and provost.

Thorne, who also serves as the director of the Human Toxicology Program within the Graduate College, joined the Iowa faculty in 1988. His pioneering research is focused on environmental risk factors for inflammatory lung diseases, the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials and persistent chemical pollutants, and the health effects of climate change.

Thorne is working with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Academy of Sciences in translating complex environmental health science to public policy. He is serving a third, three-year term on the EPA’s Science Advisory Board and served two years as chair. Thorne was a member of the National Academy of Sciences Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology for six years. He is the current chair of the academy’s Committee on Toxicology.

At Iowa, Thorne directed the Environmental Health Sciences Research Center for 20 years and served as head of the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health for 12 years. He has led the Pulmonary Toxicology Facility core since 1993. Thorne was awarded the 2017 UI Scholar of the Year and the 2018 Iowa Board of Regents Award for Faculty Excellence. He teaches courses on health effects of climate change, global environmental health, and human toxicology. He has mentored 25 PhD students, 30 master’s students, and 18 postdoctoral fellows. With his students and staff, he has published more than 290 peer-reviewed publications.

 

This post first appeared on the College of Public Health website and was adapted from an Iowa Now story. 

Keri Hornbuckle discusses airborne PCBs in Keystone Science Lecture

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Approaches for studying airborne exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) — and helping communities reduce such exposure — were discussed by Iowa Superfund Research Program (ISRP) Director Keri Hornbuckle, Ph.D., during her Feb. 4 Keystone Science Lecture. The NIEHS-funded program is housed at the University of Iowa.

PCBs are a large group of chemicals that persist in the environment. They have been associated with conditions such as diabetes, liver toxicity, skin ailments, and immune, neurological, and respiratory issues. The substances can be found in products ranging from adhesives and paints to insulation and electrical equipment. Although the chemicals were banned in the U.S. in 1979, potentially harmful exposure to PCBs is an ongoing concern, according to Hornbuckle.

Potentially dangerous byproducts

A group of 209 PCB mixtures known as Aroclors were produced by the company Monsanto in the middle of the 20th century for use in electrical transformers, fluorescent light ballasts, hydraulic fluid additives, building materials, and flame retardants. Sale of Aroclors was banned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1975. However, non-Aroclor PCBs continue to be manufactured, largely as byproducts of certain industrial processes, noted Hornbuckle.

She explained that exposures are ubiquitous in the U.S. because of how the substances vaporize into the air, especially on hot days. Although it has been assumed that exposure comes primarily through diet because of how PCBs bioaccumulate in fish and other animals, it is now known that inhalation is another important route of exposure. Hornbuckle, who leads the ISRP Analytical Core, discussed how research methods optimized for assessment of the chemicals have provided new insights about sources of airborne PCBs, exposures, and potential for remediation.

Quantifying exposure

Hornbuckle’s team developed a set of sampling and analytical methods to provide the highest quality PCB data. For example, they use an instrumental method for detection and quantification of the chemicals that uses triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The approach allows scientists to measure PCBs with a level of accuracy and precision comparable to that provided by high-resolution mass spectrometry but at lower cost.

According to Hornbuckle, the method enables her team to better understand sources of airborne PCB exposure. She noted that the scientists study the release of the substances in cities, rural areas, and school classrooms.

Beginning in 2009, ISRP Project 4 began sampling for airborne PCBs in Chicago, and researchers discovered the prevalence of airborne non-Aroclor PCBs. The scientists determined that past systems for measuring the chemicals had been developed using Monsanto mixtures, which meant that modern PCBs produced as byproducts of manufacturing had gone unnoticed.

Interestingly, one driver of PCBs being emitted into the air involves the heat of the day, not proximity to manufacturing sites.

“The variability of PCBs across the city of Chicago is mostly driven by temperature,” Hornbuckle explained. “The hotter it is, the more they’re released into the air.”

Another surprising finding is that living in rural areas does not equate to lower levels of PCB exposure. In addition, some children experience the highest levels of PCBs in their classrooms.

Reducing health risks

“Many American schools were built in the middle part of the last century, and PCBs were widely added to building materials because they do make resilient materials that don’t need replacement — think lighting, window caulking, masonry joints, paint, and carpets,” Hornbuckle said.

Mitigating the risk of exposure in schools is challenging, she noted. There is no federal program to remove PCB contamination once it is discovered, and schools with resources to address the problem are likely in high-income areas. Because expensive remediation — removal of the substances — is often not feasible in low-income districts, more vulnerable populations can experience the most exposures.

Hornbuckle suggested that school districts can target the worst exposure areas by testing for PCBs on a room-by-room basis.

She said that the state of Vermont is undertaking such a campaign in its schools — combing for sources of PCB exposure, room by room. And a side benefit of many schools around the country updating their ventilation and air filtration systems to slow the spread of COVID-19 is that these measures lower exposure to PCBs as well.

“When you’re trying to determine toxicological risk and opportunities for remediation, some level of focus is needed,” Hornbuckle said. “It’s important to create a strategy for remediation that is cost-effective and that allows for [exposure] measurement when you’re done.”

During a lively Q&A discussion, NIEHS and National Toxicology Program Director Rick Woychik, Ph.D., noted that he grew up in northeastern Wisconsin on the Fox River, which became contaminated with PCBs.

“It is rather sobering to realize just how contaminated that area was,” he said, adding that in many places, PCBs are just one set of chemicals to which people are exposed.

“A major research challenge is to better understand how all of these exposures can influence health and disease,” noted Woychik.

Citations:
Jahnke JC, Martinez A, Hornbuckle KC. 2022. Distinguishing Aroclor and non-Aroclor sources to Chicago air. Sci Total Environ; doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153263 [Online 20 January 2022].

Bannavti MK, Jahnke JC, Marek RF, Just CL, Hornbuckle KC. 2021. Room-to-room variability of airborne polychlorinated biphenyls in schools and the application of air sampling for targeted source evaluation. Environ Sci Technol 55(14):9460–9468.

By Kelley Christensen. Kelley Christensen is a contract writer and editor for the NIEHS Office of Communications and Public Liaison.

This article was originally published in Environmental Factor, published by the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences.

Dr. Field recognized as National Radon Hero

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The Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) has selected Bill Field, University of Iowa professor emeritus of occupational and environmental health and member of the EHSRC, to receive the organization’s 2022 Radon Hero Award. The award recognizes an individual who has demonstrated leadership in reducing the health effects of radon exposure, the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. The award is based on the recipient’s contributions to this effort, the breadth and scope of their services, and sustained commitment to mitigating radon risk.  He was previously awarded Honorary Membership to CRCPD in 2010.

Official presentation of the CRCPD Radon Hero Award will occur during the organization’s annual radon meeting in October 2022.

Field is recognized as one of the foremost authorities on radon, not only for his research into the radioactive gas, but because of his advocacy and outreach efforts. He helped identify radon as the leading environmental cause of cancer deaths in the United States, and remains dedicated to educating the public about the health risks of radon and ways to reduce exposure in homes, schools and at work.

 

This post was originally posted on the UI College of Public Health website. 

N95s, KN95s best mask for protecting against COVID-19 on campus, experts say

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This story was published in the Daily Iowan on February 6, 2022 by Kate Perez and features EHSRC Member Dr. Patrick O’Shuaghnessy, who is the Director of the Exposure Science Facility.
University of Iowa health experts say that the best mask to wear to protect yourself is an N95 mask. The recently distributed KN95s provide the second-best protection, and the worst are the blue surgical masks, according to Center for Disease Control and Prevention guidance.

University of Iowa health experts recommend the UI community to wear KN95 masks instead of surgical masks to offer better protection against COVID-19.

Patrick O’Shaughnessy, director of graduate studies in the UI College of Public Health Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, said N95 masks are most effective because of the tight seal formed to the face while wearing them, while the surgical masks are least effective.

“[N95 masks are] definitely the best protection. The surgical masks they’ve been passing out give the least protection,” he said. “They were designed for source control. They’re designed to protect others from you. They’re designed to catch your output from your mouth, the droplets coming out as you talk, to prevent the transmission that way.”

When the masks are looser, like the surgical ones, O’Shaughnessy said more leakage occurs out of the mask’s sides.

O’Shaughnessy said it is better to wear a KN95 mask from the university than a surgical one, as surgical masks are not supposed to be used as the main way of combating COVID-19.

“They were never designed to be a complete protection for the person wearing them,” O’Shaughnessy said. “That’s where it’s really important for the whole campus community together to be wearing the [KN95] masks.”

The UI announced on Jan. 12 that it would stock each university building health station with KN95 masks, an upgrade from the blue surgical masks given out during the first semester.

O’Shaughnessy said he ranks the KN95 masks that the UI are giving out somewhere in the middle of the other two types of masks, as they can form a tighter seal to the mouth than the surgical masks.

“Especially with the nose metal piece there, you get a better seal around your nose with the KN95,” O’Shaughnessy said. “They filter very similarly to the N95s. It really just comes down to the construction of the mask and how well it fits against your face.”

In an email to The Daily Iowan, Jeneane Beck, assistant vice president for external relations, wrote that the UI follows the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines when evaluating masks.

Lately, counterfeit masks have been spreading throughout the country, with the CDC reporting that about 60 percent of KN95 respirators the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health evaluated during the pandemic in 2020 and 2021 did not meet their requirements.

Deborah Zumbach, associate vice president and director of parking and transportation and business services at the UI, wrote in a statement to the DI that the university requests authenticity documentation before making purchases, including the distributed masks.

“The university is fortunate to have an experienced team making regular purchases for a large academic medical center,” Zumbach wrote. “This results in business relationships with a variety of reliable vendors and suppliers in the United States. When making any purchase, the team requests all available documentation regarding a product’s efficacy and authenticity.”

The KN95 masks that are being distributed are from the company Dayhelp. The Dayhelp website states that the masks are FDA Registered Class 1. However, the company is not listed on the CDC website as a NIOSH-approved manufacturer of N95 respirators.

According to the CDC, surgical masks are loose-fitting, disposable, and create a physical barrier between the nose and the mouth of the wearer. These masks, however, may not provide as much protection compared to a KN95 mask.

“While a surgical mask may be effective in blocking splashes and large-particle droplets, it does not filter or block very small particles in the air that may be transmitted by coughs, sneezes, or certain medical procedures,” the CDC website states. “Surgical masks also do not provide complete protection from germs and other contaminants because of the loose fit.”

Dan Diekema, professor of internal medicine and associate hospital epidemiologist, said in a recent post on the UI Hospitals and Clinics’ website that he recommends people wear a medical-grade mask, whether it is a surgical, KN95, or N95 mask.

“We also consider unfitted N95s and KN95s to be equivalent to a medical-grade mask because they fit snugly against the face, allowing for fewer particles to break through,” Diekema said. “The most important thing is the fit to the face to protect the person wearing the mask, as well as others.”